Python Web 框架对比与实战：Django vs Flask vs FastAPI

Python Web 框架对比与实战Django vs Flask vs FastAPI1. 背景与动机Python 拥有丰富的 Web 开发框架每个框架都有其特点和适用场景。本文对比 Django、Flask 和 FastAPI 三大主流框架帮助开发者选择合适的工具。2. 框架对比特性DjangoFlaskFastAPI学习曲线陡峭平缓中等功能完整性全功能微框架现代API性能中等中等高异步支持有限扩展支持原生支持自动文档无扩展内置3. Django 实战# models.py from django.db import models class Article(models.Model): title models.CharField(max_length200) content models.TextField() created_at models.DateTimeField(auto_now_addTrue) # views.py from django.shortcuts import render from rest_framework import viewsets from .models import Article from .serializers import ArticleSerializer class ArticleViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet): queryset Article.objects.all() serializer_class ArticleSerializer4. Flask 实战from flask import Flask, jsonify, request from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy app Flask(__name__) app.config[SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI] sqlite:///app.db db SQLAlchemy(app) class User(db.Model): id db.Column(db.Integer, primary_keyTrue) username db.Column(db.String(80), uniqueTrue) app.route(/users, methods[GET, POST]) def users(): if request.method POST: user User(usernamerequest.json[username]) db.session.add(user) db.session.commit() return jsonify({id: user.id}), 201 users User.query.all() return jsonify([{id: u.id, username: u.username} for u in users])5. FastAPI 实战from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException from pydantic import BaseModel from typing import List app FastAPI() class Item(BaseModel): name: str price: float items [] app.get(/items, response_modelList[Item]) def get_items(): return items app.post(/items) def create_item(item: Item): items.append(item) return item app.get(/items/{item_id}) def get_item(item_id: int): if item_id len(items): raise HTTPException(status_code404, detailItem not found) return items[item_id]6. 性能测试# 使用 locust 进行压力测试 from locust import HttpUser, task class WebsiteUser(HttpUser): task def get_items(self): self.client.get(/items)7. 结论Django适合大型项目需要快速开发完整功能Flask适合小型项目需要灵活性和简洁性FastAPI适合现代 API 开发需要高性能和自动文档